Meera ke family Pvt Ltd mein wo director bhi hai aur 60% shareholder bhi. Beti ki shaadi aane wali hai aur company ke bank mein achha balance hai. Usne accountant ko bola: "₹10 lakh loan ki tarah daal do, baad mein wapas kar dungi." Accountant ne entry kar di. Saal ke ant mein auditor ne do sawal poochhe: "Section 185 ka kya?" aur "ye deemed dividend to nahi?" Meera ko laga ye sirf ek entry thi. Ye ek transaction hai jo do alag kanoon, ek saath chhoo leta hai. Aaiye dono ko saaf-saaf samjhte hain.
Quick Summary
- Company se director ya uske related logon ko loan: Companies Act ka Section 185 aam taur par rok lagata hai.
- Bade shareholder ko loan: Income-tax ka deemed dividend (Section 2(22)(e)) lag sakta hai, accumulated profits tak.
- Dono kanoon alag hain; ek ka compliance doosre ko khatam nahi karta.
- Seedha "loan" lene ki jagah salary, dividend ya apne diye hue loan ki wapsi jaise raaste aam taur par behtar hain.
- Company ko loan dena (director se company ko) alag baat hai aur uske apne rules hain.
Do Kanoon, Ek Transaction
| Point | Section 185 (Companies Act, 2013) | Section 2(22)(e) (Income-tax Act) |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Company ka paisa directors aur related parties ko jaane se rokna | Dividend ke naam se bachkar paisa nikalne par tax lagana |
| Kise lagta hai | Director, unke relatives, firms jisme wo partner hon, aur kuch related companies | Shareholder jo kam se kam 10% voting power rakhta ho, ya uski concern |
| Kis company par | Sabhi companies, kuch private companies ko conditions ke saath chhoot | Closely held (jisme public ki substantial hissedari nahi) companies |
| Parinaam | Penalty aur, bure cases mein, officers par prosecution; auditor ki reporting | Rakam dividend maani jaati hai aur shareholder par slab rate se tax |
| Seema | Loan, guarantee ya security, teeno | Company ke accumulated profits tak |
Section 185 Ko Aasan Bhasha Mein Samjhein
Section 185 kehta hai ki company seedha ya ghuma-phira kar director, uske relative, ya us firm ko loan nahi de sakti jisme director ya uska relative partner hai. Wo kisi doosre ke loan ke liye guarantee ya security bhi nahi de sakti. Dusre sub-section mein kuch related companies (jaise wo private company jisme director member ya director ho) ko loan dene par bhi rok hai, magar yahan ek raasta hai: special resolution pass karke, aur wo loan borrower apne principal business activities mein hi use kare, to diya ja sakta hai. Interest rate bhi kam se kam prevailing government security yield ke barabar hona chahiye (tenor ke hisaab se 1, 3, 5 ya 10 saal ka closest yield).
- Exceptions: managing ya whole-time director ko loan, agar wo company ke sabhi employees ko di jaane wali service conditions ka hissa ho, ya shareholders ki special resolution se approved scheme ke tahat ho. Wo company jiska business hi loan dena hai, ordinary course mein.
- Private company ke liye chhoot: MCA ki ek notification ke tahat kuch private companies ko Section 185 se chhoot milti hai, par conditions strict hain (jaise unke share capital mein koi body corporate ka invest na ho, borrowings ki limit, aur repayment mein default na ho). Aapki company in conditions par khari utarti hai ya nahi, ye CS ya CA se confirm karein.
- Violation ka asar: company aur officers par penalty, aur loan lene wale director par bhi, aur prosecution tak ka provision. Auditor ki report mein bhi isko report karna padta hai.
Dhyan rahe, ye sirf prohibition hai. Director ka apni company ko paisa dena (jaise founder ka start-up funding) alag cheez hai aur uske liye alag rules (jaise unsecured loan ki declaration) lagte hain.
Deemed Dividend: Kab Lagta Hai
Income-tax Act, 1961 ka Section 2(22)(e) (ab Income-tax Act, 2025 mein renumbered) tab lagta hai jab:
- Company closely held ho, yaani jisme public ka substantial interest na ho.
- Loan ya advance kisi aise shareholder ko mile jo kam se kam 10% voting power ka beneficial owner ho, ya uski aisi concern ko jisme uska substantial interest ho (aam taur par 20% ya zyada), ya company uske individual benefit ke liye payment kare.
- Company ke paas accumulated profits hon. Deemed dividend usi seema tak maana jata hai.
Kuch exclusions hain (jaise jis company ka ordinary business hi paisa udhaar dena ho). Aam taur par ye tax shareholder ke haath mein hi lagta hai, bhale hi paisa uski concern ko gaya ho; is par rulings aur facts dekhne padte hain.
Worked Example: Meera Ka ₹10 Lakh
Meera ki baaki taxable income (new regime, assumed) ₹10,00,000 hai. Company ke accumulated profits ₹15,00,000 hain, aur usne ₹10,00,000 ka "loan" liya (na agreement, na interest).
| Step | Amount |
|---|---|
| Deemed dividend (loan ₹10 lakh, accumulated profits ₹15 lakh, jo kam ho) | ₹10,00,000 |
| Total taxable income (₹10 lakh + ₹10 lakh) | ₹20,00,000 |
| Tax pehle (₹10 lakh par) | ₹40,000 |
| Tax baad mein (₹20 lakh par) | ₹2,00,000 |
| Antar | ₹1,60,000 |
| Cess @ 4% ke saath extra tax | ₹1,66,400 |
Yaani ₹10 lakh ka "loan" lene par lagbhag ₹1.66 lakh ka extra tax, aur upar se Section 185 ka issue alag. Agar wahi paisa documented dividend ya salary ke roop mein nikalta, to tax-treatment pehle se pata hota aur compliance saaf rehti. Rakam badhne ya surcharge lagne par ye antar aur bhi badh sakta hai.
Loan Ki Jagah Kya Karein: Safer Raaste
| Zaroorat | Aam taur par safer option |
|---|---|
| Personal bada kharcha (shaadi, ghar) | Planned salary/bonus, ya dividend, tax ke saath. Ya bank se personal loan. |
| Aapne pehle company ko paisa diya tha | Documented loan ki repayment (ye company se loan nahi, apna paisa wapas hai). |
| Director ki firm ya doosri company ko paisa chahiye | Section 185(2) wala route: special resolution, principal-business use, G-sec-linked interest. Professional se draft karwayein. |
| Employees ko financial madad | Written policy, agreement, interest aur salary-recovery ke saath loan. |
| Business ke liye genuine kharcha | Bills ke saath expense reimbursement, loan nahi. |
Agar Loan Pehle Hi Le Liya Hai
- Books mein dekhein ki balance kis cheez se bana: loan, advance, ya personal kharcha.
- Shareholding, accumulated profits aur company ka structure check karein (closely held hai ya nahi).
- Auditor aur CA ke saath tay karein ki Section 185 ka exemption ya route lagta hai ya nahi.
- Likhit agreement, interest aur repayment schedule rakhein; board minutes mein record karein.
- Chhupane ki koshish na karein. Audit aur ROC filings mein ye cheezein saamne aati hi hain.
Common Mistakes
- Maan lena ki "apni hi company hai", isliye kanoon nahi lagta.
- Bina agreement, interest ya repayment schedule ke paisa lena.
- Sirf Companies Act dekhna aur Income-tax ka deemed dividend bhool jaana, ya ulta.
- Director loan account mein debit balance ko saal-dar-saal badhne dena.
- Doosri company ya firm ke naam par paisa ghumana, ye maanke ki wo alag entity hai.
- Year-end se pehle sirf entry badal dena, bina asli reason aur documents ke.
Related Guides
- Pvt Ltd Se Paise Kaise Nikalein: Salary vs Dividend vs Loan
- ROC Annual Compliance Calendar for Pvt Ltd and LLP
- Private Limited Company Registration in India
- Director Resign Kaise Karein: Liability
Frequently Asked Questions
Kya Pvt Ltd company apne director ko loan de sakti hai?
Companies Act, 2013 ka Section 185 aam taur par director, unke relatives, unki partnership firm aur kuch related companies ko loan, guarantee ya security dene par rok lagata hai. Kuch exceptions hain (jaise managing ya whole-time director ko service conditions ke tahat, ya special resolution ke saath kuch tarah ke loans jo borrower apne principal business ke liye use kare), aur kuch private companies ko ek MCA notification ke tahat conditions ke saath chhoot milti hai. Har case mein facts aur company ki structure dekhni padti hai.
Deemed dividend kya hota hai aur tax kis par lagta hai?
Income-tax Act ke Section 2(22)(e) ke tahat, kuch closely held companies jab apne bade shareholder ko (jo kam se kam 10% voting power rakhta ho) ya uski concern ko loan ya advance deti hain, to wo rakam company ke accumulated profits tak 'dividend' maani jaati hai. Aam taur par ye shareholder ke haath mein dividend income ki tarah slab rate par taxable hoti hai. Ye section Income-tax Act, 1961 ka hai, jo ab Income-tax Act, 2025 ke tahat renumbered hai.
Agar loan wapas kar diya, to kya deemed dividend ka tax bhi wapas milega?
Ye grey area hai. Aam taur par jis year loan diya gaya, usi year uska tax assessment hota hai, aur baad mein repayment se purana tax automatic reverse nahi hota. Kuch cases mein adjustments par alag-alag views mile hain. Isliye loan lene se pehle plan karna behtar hai, na ki baad mein repayment par bharosa karna.
Company se employee ko loan dena theek hai?
Employee jo director ya director ka relative nahi hai, usse loan ya advance dena Section 185 ke dayre mein aam taur par nahi aata, aur Section 2(22)(e) sirf bade shareholders par lagta hai. Phir bhi loan ki policy, agreement, interest aur books mein sahi entry rakhein. Agar employee shareholder bhi hai to alag se dekhna padega.
Mere paas company mein koi shares nahi hain, sirf director hoon. Kya deemed dividend lagega?
Deemed dividend sirf shareholder (jo kam se kam 10% voting power ka beneficial owner ho) ya uski concern par lagta hai. Sirf director hone se Section 2(22)(e) nahi lagta. Lekin Companies Act ka Section 185 director ko loan par lagta hai, shareholding ho ya na ho.
Mere paas pehle se company ke director loan account mein debit balance hai. Ab kya karein?
Sabse pehle ye samjhein ki balance kis cheez se bana hai: salary advance, personal kharcha, ya sachmuch loan. Phir dekhein ki Section 185 ya Section 2(22)(e) lagta hai ya nahi. Auditor aur CA ke saath baithkar tay karein ki repayment, salary/dividend adjustment ya special resolution mein se kya sahi hai. Jitna jaldi karein utna behtar.
Director loan account mein purana balance hai ya company se paisa nikalne ka plan banana hai? Hamari Accounting & Bookkeeping Services team books clean karne aur sahi route tay karne mein madad kar sakti hai.
Disclaimer
Ye article sirf general jaankari ke liye hai aur October 2026 tak ke law par based hai. Section 185 aur deemed dividend ke nateeje company ki structure, shareholding aur facts par depend karte hain. Koi bhi decision lene se pehle qualified Chartered Accountant ya Company Secretary se salah zaroor lein.